diff --git a/12.gis/bad-proj.jpg b/12.gis/bad-proj.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d365d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/12.gis/bad-proj.jpg differ diff --git a/12.gis/slides.html b/12.gis/slides.html index cd29a9d..c9464fb 100644 --- a/12.gis/slides.html +++ b/12.gis/slides.html @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -
+ */div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--base-size-4:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 0.25);--base-size-8:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 0.5);--base-size-16:calc(var(--marpit-root-font-size, 1rem) * 1);--base-text-weight-normal:400;--base-text-weight-medium:500;--base-text-weight-semibold:600;--fontStack-monospace:ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, SF Mono, Menlo, Consolas, Liberation Mono, monospace;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [data-theme=light],div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{color-scheme:light;--focus-outlineColor:#0969da;--fgColor-default:#1f2328;--fgColor-muted:#636c76;--fgColor-accent:#0969da;--fgColor-success:#1a7f37;--fgColor-attention:#9a6700;--fgColor-danger:#d1242f;--fgColor-done:#8250df;--bgColor-default:#fff;--bgColor-muted:#f6f8fa;--bgColor-neutral-muted:#afb8c133;--bgColor-attention-muted:#fff8c5;--borderColor-default:#d0d7de;--borderColor-muted:#d0d7deb3;--borderColor-neutral-muted:#afb8c133;--borderColor-accent-emphasis:#0969da;--borderColor-success-emphasis:#1a7f37;--borderColor-attention-emphasis:#bf8700;--borderColor-danger-emphasis:#cf222e;--borderColor-done-emphasis:#8250df;--color-prettylights-syntax-comment:#57606a;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link:#0a3069;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity:#6639ba;--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword:#cf222e;--color-prettylights-syntax-string:#0a3069;--color-prettylights-syntax-variable:#953800;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle:#57606a;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text:#f6f8fa;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text:#f6f8fa;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg:#cf222e;--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list:#3b2300;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg:#ffebe9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg:#dafbe1;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text:#953800;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg:#ffd8b5;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text:#eaeef2;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range:#8250df;--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark:#8c959f;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [data-theme=dark],div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert){color-scheme:dark;--focus-outlineColor:#1f6feb;--fgColor-default:#e6edf3;--fgColor-muted:#8d96a0;--fgColor-accent:#4493f8;--fgColor-success:#3fb950;--fgColor-attention:#d29922;--fgColor-danger:#f85149;--fgColor-done:#ab7df8;--bgColor-default:#0d1117;--bgColor-muted:#161b22;--bgColor-neutral-muted:#6e768166;--bgColor-attention-muted:#bb800926;--borderColor-default:#30363d;--borderColor-muted:#30363db3;--borderColor-neutral-muted:#6e768166;--borderColor-accent-emphasis:#1f6feb;--borderColor-success-emphasis:#238636;--borderColor-attention-emphasis:#9e6a03;--borderColor-danger-emphasis:#da3633;--borderColor-done-emphasis:#8957e5;--color-prettylights-syntax-comment:#8b949e;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant:#79c0ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link:#a5d6ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity:#d2a8ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag:#7ee787;--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword:#ff7b72;--color-prettylights-syntax-string:#a5d6ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-variable:#ffa657;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched:#f85149;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle:#8b949e;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text:#f0f6fc;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg:#8e1519;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text:#f0f6fc;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg:#b62324;--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp:#7ee787;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list:#f2cc60;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading:#1f6feb;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text:#ffdcd7;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg:#67060c;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text:#aff5b4;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg:#033a16;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text:#ffdfb6;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg:#5a1e02;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg:#1158c7;--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range:#d2a8ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark:#484f58;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;background-color:var(--bgColor-default);color:var(--fgColor-default);font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Noto Sans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;margin:0;word-wrap:break-word;scroll-behavior:auto}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--marpit-root-font-size:16px;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6):hover .anchor .octicon-link:before{background-color:currentColor;content:" ";display:inline-block;height:16px;-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,');width:16px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section details,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section figcaption,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section figure{display:block}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary{display:list-item}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [hidden]{display:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a{background-color:transparent;color:var(--fgColor-accent);text-decoration:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section b,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section strong{font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section dfn{font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1){border-bottom:1px solid var(--borderColor-muted);font-size:2em;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600);margin:.67em 0;padding-bottom:.3em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mark{background-color:var(--bgColor-attention-muted);color:var(--fgColor-default)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section small{font-size:90%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section sub,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section sub{bottom:-.25em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section sup{top:-.5em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img{background-color:var(--bgColor-default);border-style:none;box-sizing:content-box;max-width:100%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section kbd,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section figure{margin:1em 40px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section hr{background:transparent;background-color:var(--borderColor-default);border:0;box-sizing:content-box;height:.25em;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;padding:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input{font:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;overflow:visible}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=button],div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=reset],div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;-moz-appearance:button;appearance:button}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=checkbox],div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:inherit;opacity:.54}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;appearance:button;font:inherit}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:hover{text-decoration:underline}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--fgColor-muted);opacity:1}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ::placeholder{color:var(--fgColor-muted);opacity:1}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section hr:after,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section hr:before{content:"";display:table}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section hr:after{clear:both}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;display:block;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section th{padding:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section details summary{cursor:pointer}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section details:not([open])>:not(summary){display:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [role=button]:focus,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:focus,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=checkbox]:focus,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=radio]:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:2px solid var(--focus-outlineColor);outline-offset:-2px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [role=button]:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=checkbox]:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=radio]:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:1px solid transparent}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [role=button]:focus-visible,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:focus-visible,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=checkbox]:focus-visible,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=radio]:focus-visible{box-shadow:none;outline:2px solid var(--focus-outlineColor);outline-offset:-2px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:not([class]):focus,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:not([class]):focus-visible,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=checkbox]:focus,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=checkbox]:focus-visible,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=radio]:focus,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input[type=radio]:focus-visible{outline-offset:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section kbd{background-color:var(--bgColor-muted);border-bottom-color:var(--borderColor-neutral-muted);border:1px solid var(--borderColor-neutral-muted);border-radius:6px;box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 var(--borderColor-neutral-muted);color:var(--fgColor-default);display:inline-block;font:11px var(--fontStack-monospace, ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, SF Mono, Menlo, Consolas, Liberation Mono, monospace);line-height:10px;padding:3px 5px;vertical-align:middle}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6){font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600);line-height:1.25;margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:24px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2){border-bottom:1px solid var(--borderColor-muted);font-size:1.5em;padding-bottom:.3em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3){font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3){font-size:1.25em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4){font-size:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5){font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5){font-size:.875em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6){color:var(--fgColor-muted);font-size:.85em;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section p{margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote{border-left:.25em solid var(--borderColor-default);color:var(--fgColor-muted);margin:0;padding:0 1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-left:2em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul ol{list-style-type:lower-roman}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol ol ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol ul ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul ol ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul ul ol{list-style-type:lower-alpha}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section dd{margin-left:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section samp,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section tt{font-family:var(--fontStack-monospace, ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, SF Mono, Menlo, Consolas, Liberation Mono, monospace);font-size:12px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;word-wrap:normal}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .octicon{display:inline-block;overflow:visible!important;vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:currentColor}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input::-webkit-inner-spin-button,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section input::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .mr-2{margin-right:var(--base-size-8, 8px)!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:before{display:table}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{clear:both}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:first-child{margin-top:0!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:last-child{margin-bottom:0!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:not([href]){color:inherit;text-decoration:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .absent{color:var(--fgColor-danger)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .anchor{float:left;line-height:1;margin-left:-20px;padding-right:4px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .anchor:focus{outline:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section details,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section dl,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section p,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul{margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote>:first-child{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) .octicon-link{color:var(--fgColor-default);vertical-align:middle;visibility:hidden}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1):hover .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2):hover .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3):hover .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4):hover .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5):hover .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6):hover .anchor{text-decoration:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1):hover .anchor .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2):hover .anchor .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3):hover .anchor .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4):hover .anchor .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5):hover .anchor .octicon-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6):hover .anchor .octicon-link{visibility:visible}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) tt,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) tt,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) tt,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) tt,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) tt,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) tt{font-size:inherit;padding:0 .2em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h6, marp-h6){display:inline-block}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h1, marp-h1) .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h2, marp-h2) .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h3, marp-h3) .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h4, marp-h4) .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h5, marp-h5) .anchor,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h6, marp-h6) .anchor{margin-left:-40px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary :is(h2, marp-h2){border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol.no-list,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul.no-list{list-style-type:none;padding:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol[type="a s"]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol[type="A s"]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol[type="i s"]{list-style-type:lower-roman}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol[type="I s"]{list-style-type:upper-roman}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section div>ol:not([type]),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol[type="1"]{list-style-type:decimal}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol ul,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul ul{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section li>p{margin-top:16px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section li+li{margin-top:.25em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section dl{padding:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section dl dt{font-size:1em;font-style:italic;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600);margin-top:16px;padding:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section dl dd{margin-bottom:16px;padding:0 16px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table th{font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table th{border:1px solid var(--borderColor-default);padding:6px 13px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table td>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table tr{background-color:var(--bgColor-default);border-top:1px solid var(--borderColor-muted)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table tr:nth-child(2n){background-color:var(--bgColor-muted)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table img{background-color:transparent}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img[align=right]{padding-left:20px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img[align=left]{padding-right:20px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .emoji{background-color:transparent;max-width:none;vertical-align:text-top}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).frame,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).frame>:is(span, marp-span){display:block;overflow:hidden}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).frame>:is(span, marp-span){border:1px solid var(--borderColor-default);float:left;margin:13px 0 0;padding:7px;width:auto}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).frame :is(span, marp-span) img{display:block;float:left}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).frame :is(span, marp-span) :is(span, marp-span){clear:both;color:var(--fgColor-default);display:block;padding:5px 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).align-center{clear:both;display:block;overflow:hidden}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).align-center>:is(span, marp-span){display:block;margin:13px auto 0;overflow:hidden;text-align:center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).align-center :is(span, marp-span) img{margin:0 auto;text-align:center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).align-right{clear:both;display:block;overflow:hidden}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).align-right>:is(span, marp-span){display:block;margin:13px 0 0;overflow:hidden;text-align:right}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).align-right :is(span, marp-span) img{margin:0;text-align:right}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).float-left{display:block;float:left;margin-right:13px;overflow:hidden}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).float-left :is(span, marp-span){margin:13px 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).float-right{display:block;float:right;margin-left:13px;overflow:hidden}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(span, marp-span).float-right>:is(span, marp-span){display:block;margin:13px auto 0;overflow:hidden;text-align:right}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section tt{background-color:var(--bgColor-neutral-muted);border-radius:6px;font-size:85%;margin:0;padding:.2em .4em;white-space:break-spaces}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code br,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section tt br{display:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section del code{text-decoration:inherit}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section samp{font-size:85%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) code{font-size:100%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre)>code{background:transparent;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;white-space:pre;word-break:normal}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .highlight{margin-bottom:16px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .highlight :is(pre, marp-pre){margin-bottom:0;word-break:normal}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre){background-color:var(--bgColor-muted);border-radius:6px;color:var(--fgColor-default);font-size:85%;line-height:1.45;overflow:auto;padding:16px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) code,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) tt{display:inline;line-height:inherit;margin:0;max-width:auto;overflow:visible;padding:0;word-wrap:normal;background-color:transparent;border:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .csv-data td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .csv-data th{font-size:12px;line-height:1;overflow:hidden;padding:5px;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .csv-data .blob-num{background:var(--bgColor-default);border:0;padding:10px 8px 9px;text-align:right}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .csv-data tr{border-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .csv-data th{background:var(--bgColor-muted);border-top:0;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-semibold, 600)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [data-footnote-ref]:before{content:"["}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [data-footnote-ref]:after{content:"]"}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .footnotes{border-top:1px solid var(--borderColor-default);color:var(--fgColor-muted);font-size:12px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section section.footnotes{--marpit-root-font-size:12px;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .footnotes ol{padding-left:16px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .footnotes ol ul{display:inline-block;margin-top:16px;padding-left:16px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .footnotes li{position:relative}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .footnotes li:target:before{border:2px solid var(--borderColor-accent-emphasis);border-radius:6px;bottom:-8px;content:"";left:-24px;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:-8px;top:-8px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .footnotes li:target{color:var(--fgColor-default)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .footnotes .data-footnote-backref g-emoji{font-family:monospace}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-c{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-comment)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-c1,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-s .pl-v{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-constant)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-e,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-en{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-s .pl-s1,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-smi{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-ent{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-k{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-pds,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-s,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-s .pl-pse .pl-s1,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-sr,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-sr .pl-cce,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-sr .pl-sra,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-sr .pl-sre{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-string)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-smw,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-v{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-variable)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-bu{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-ii{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-c2{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-sr .pl-cce{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-ml{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mh,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mh .pl-en,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-ms{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mi{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic);font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mb{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-md{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mi1{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mc{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mi2{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-mdr{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-ba{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-sg{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .pl-corl{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link);text-decoration:underline}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [role=button]:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [role=tabpanel][tabindex="0"]:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section button:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section summary:focus:not(:focus-visible){box-shadow:none;outline:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [tabindex="0"]:focus:not(:focus-visible),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section details-dialog:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g-emoji{display:inline-block;font-family:Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1em;font-style:normal!important;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-normal, 400);line-height:1;min-width:1ch;vertical-align:-.075em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g-emoji img{height:1em;width:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .task-list-item{list-style-type:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .task-list-item label{font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-normal, 400)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .task-list-item.enabled label{cursor:pointer}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .task-list-item+.task-list-item{margin-top:var(--base-size-4)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .task-list-item .handle{display:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .task-list-item-checkbox{margin:0 .2em .25em -1.4em;vertical-align:middle}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .contains-task-list:dir(rtl) .task-list-item-checkbox{margin:0 -1.6em .25em .2em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .contains-task-list{position:relative}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .contains-task-list:focus-within .task-list-item-convert-container,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .contains-task-list:hover .task-list-item-convert-container{display:block;height:24px;overflow:visible;width:auto;clip:auto}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{filter:invert(50%)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert{border-left:.25em solid var(--borderColor-default);color:inherit;margin-bottom:var(--base-size-16);padding:var(--base-size-8) var(--base-size-16)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert>:first-child{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert .markdown-alert-title{align-items:center;display:flex;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-medium, 500);line-height:1}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-note{border-left-color:var(--borderColor-accent-emphasis)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-note .markdown-alert-title{color:var(--fgColor-accent)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-important{border-left-color:var(--borderColor-done-emphasis)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-important .markdown-alert-title{color:var(--fgColor-done)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-warning{border-left-color:var(--borderColor-attention-emphasis)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-warning .markdown-alert-title{color:var(--fgColor-attention)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-tip{border-left-color:var(--borderColor-success-emphasis)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-tip .markdown-alert-title{color:var(--fgColor-success)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-caution{border-left-color:var(--borderColor-danger-emphasis)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .markdown-alert.markdown-alert-caution .markdown-alert-title{color:var(--fgColor-danger)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:first-child>.heading-element:first-child{margin-top:0!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1){color:var(--h1-color);font-size:1.6em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2){border-bottom:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2){font-size:1.3em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3){font-size:1.1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4){font-size:1.05em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5){font-size:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6){font-size:.9em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) strong{color:var(--heading-strong-color);font-weight:inherit}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:563px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section hr{height:0;padding-top:.25em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img{background-color:transparent}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre){border:1px solid var(--borderColor-default);line-height:1.15;overflow:visible}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:529px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-doctag),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-keyword),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta .hljs-keyword),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-template-tag),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-template-variable),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-type),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-variable.language_){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.class_),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.class_.inherited__),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.function_){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-attr),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-attribute),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-literal),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-number),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-operator),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-attr),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-class),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-id),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-variable){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-constant)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta .hljs-string),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-regexp),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-string){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-string)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-built_in),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-symbol){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-variable)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-code),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-comment),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-formula){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-comment)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-name),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-quote),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-pseudo),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-tag){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-subst){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-section){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-bullet){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-emphasis){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic);font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-strong){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-addition){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) :where(.hljs-deletion){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{color:var(--header-footer-color);font-size:18px;left:30px;margin:0;position:absolute}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{top:21px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer{bottom:21px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--h1-color:#246;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,40%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#48c;--paginate-color:#777;align-items:stretch;display:block;flex-flow:column nowrap;font-size:29px;height:720px;padding:78.5px;place-content:safe center center;width:1280px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--marpit-root-font-size:29px;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert){--h1-color:#cee7ff;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,60%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#7bf;--paginate-color:#999;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:last-child,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-footer]>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:first-child,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>header:first-child+*{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{bottom:21px;color:var(--paginate-color);font-size:24px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:30px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:24px;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-color] :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-color] :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-color] :is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-color] :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-color] :is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-color] :is(h6, marp-h6){color:currentcolor}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]{columns:initial!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]::before, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]::after, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"]::before, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"]::after{display:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{all:initial;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container][data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="vertical"]{flex-direction:column}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"][data-marpit-advanced-background-split] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{width:var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"][data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{margin-left:calc(100% - var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%))}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container] > figure{all:initial;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;flex:auto;margin:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container] > figure > figcaption{position:absolute;border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"], div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"]{background:transparent!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"], div#\:\$p > svg[data-marpit-svg] > foreignObject[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"]{pointer-events:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background-split]{width:100%;height:100%} +

GIS Fundamentals

CAPP 30239

-
+

Today

Establish a baseline understanding of GIS data.

(Not focused on Data Viz)

+

Next

+

Browser Mapping Libraries

-
+

GIS Fundamentals

GIS - Geographic Information System - Specialized set of tools for dealing with geospatial data.

What's special about GIS?


(source: NASA.gov)

-
+

Quantity of data: coastline paradox


(source: Coastline Paradox on Wikipedia)

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GIS Data Caveats

Resolution

We have to decide what resolution is important. Even at a fairly low fidelity, a shape is likely to have tens of thousands of points.

Projection

The earth is not flat, but we typically work in (x, y, [altitude]). This requires projection.

-
+

What's wrong with this picture?


Mercator Projection, Wikipedia

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+

Africa is 14x larger

greenland-on-africa.jpg
https://mortenjonassen.dk/maps/greenland-vs-africa-size-comparison

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Spatial Data Types

@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ Mercator Projection, Wikipedia

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+
@@ -108,7 +105,7 @@ Mercator Projection, Wikipedia

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GIS Vector Data Types

  • Point - (lat, lon) or (lat, lon, altitude) - example: address, tree, bus stop
    • @@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ Mercator Projection, Wikipedia

    This allows us to think about a group of related polygons as one:
    e.g. does this storm path (Polyline) intersect with Hawaii (MultiPolygon)?

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+

Coordinate Reference Systems

These systems define what the x and y values actually mean in a given file.

Two kinds:

@@ -133,28 +130,28 @@ e.g. does this storm path (Polyline) intersect with Hawaii (MultiPolygon)?

  • Projected Coordinate Systems - attempt to project earth's curved surface onto a plane (as needed for drawing)
    • -
    +

    Two kinds, infinite variations.

    Why are there multiple of each?

    GCS - regional or local variations in earth's curvature, and different estimates as to exact size of earth.
    PCS - no perfect mapping of sphere to x,y plane exists, as seen with Mercator projection, accuracy in one area of globe means distortion in others

    WGS84 is used in GPS and therefore is by far the most common GCS.

    -
    +

    PCS is not so uniform, but most common is the UTM is the Transverse Mercator projection, which minimizes distortion within a region via a set of guarantees.

    -
    +

    Localities will often publish in a more local projections:

    -

    SPCS - State Plane Coordinate System, actually 125 zones with their own system across US. They are fine-tuned to fit the shape of each state to maximize accuracy. (Some use transverse Mercator, some use a Lambert conformal conic projection, all with different parameters.

    +

    SPCS - State Plane Coordinate System, actually 125 zones with their own system across US. They are fine-tuned to fit the shape of each state to maximize accuracy. (Some use transverse Mercator, some use a Lambert conformal conic projection, all with different parameters.)


    (ce: conservation.ca.gov)

    -
    -

    rm *.prj

    -

    In practice, it is essential that you know what CRS your data is in and what CRS you are displaying it in.
    -Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-world trouble.

    +
    +

    Correct Projection is Essential

    +

    In practice, it is essential that you know what CRS your data is in and what CRS you are displaying it in.

    +

    Failure leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted visualizations, and real-world trouble.

    -
    +

    Features

    Another property of most GIS filetypes is that they have features. You can think of features as a database or spreadsheet of attributes associated with a given shape. It might take the form:

    @@ -207,7 +204,7 @@ Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-wo

    Georeference column is either the geometry definition itself, or a foreign key (primary ID) for the given datum.

    -
    +

    Formats

    • @@ -231,7 +228,7 @@ Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-wo
    -
    +

    Spatial Queries

    These form the common spatial queries, which mostly take the form:

    operation(geometry1, geometry2, optional_tolerance) -> geometry_result

    @@ -255,7 +252,7 @@ Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-wo
    -
    +

    Spatial Overlays

    • @@ -287,7 +284,7 @@ Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-wo
    -
    +

    Buffering & Joins

    Some other common functionality:

    Buffering is taking an existing shape and pushing the edge out by some distance. This turns a point into a circle, or a line into a polygon, or expands polygons.

    @@ -297,7 +294,7 @@ Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-wo

    Geospatial Joins combine two or more datasets on a condition (like overlaps or contains). This technique is used to discover overlaps between datasets, for example, to find what counties are in which cities:

    joined_data = [(county, city) for county in counties for city in cities if county.geometry.intersects(city.geometry)]

    -
    +

    Geospatial Software

    (skip in lecture)

    OGC Simple Features - Defines common interface (types and operations) for GIS.

    @@ -308,7 +305,7 @@ Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-wo

    PostGIS

    GIS primitives as first-class types in database. Allows querying directly from database, saving conversion and minimizing memory footprint. (Like most things Postgres, one of the most solid pieces of software ever built.)

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    +

    GeoPandas

    Wraps Shapely and provides a pandas like interface.

    NOT EFFICIENT fine for simple use, but quickly baloons to unusably large memory footprints without polygon simplification. (Reducing detail by eliding points.)

    @@ -317,16 +314,16 @@ Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-wo

    Offers cloud/server/desktop based tools.

    Favored in government, large corporations, full suite is most feature complete offering around. Under increasing competition from OSS competitors which are often more lean, cutting lesser-used features and antiquated formats.

    -
    -

    Next

    +
    +

    Next

    Mapping Frameworks

    -

    This is not unique to GIS, image files can be raster or vector as well, with nearly the same meaning. A raster is a grid or matrix, such as the pixels that make up an image. In GIS terms this is often a satellite image, but any representation of the space where each cell in a grid has properties with a given meaning is a raster. A raster can be though of as a series of values `(x, y, val)` where `val` is a color or similar. The `x` and `y` coordinates could be specified in any unit, allowing one "pixel" to represent 1 sq km or 1 sq mm depending on the needs of the program. -Vector data is instead a series of geometric primitives. They are defined in relationship to one another, allowing groups and other relationships to be estabished. We'll address the specifics more after we compare Vector data to Raster data.

    \ No newline at end of file +Vector data is instead a series of geometric primitives. They are defined in relationship to one another, allowing groups and other relationships to be estabished. We'll address the specifics more after we compare Vector data to Raster data.

    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/12.gis/slides.md b/12.gis/slides.md index 6f7be4c..fd8f2e6 100644 --- a/12.gis/slides.md +++ b/12.gis/slides.md @@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ Establish a baseline understanding of GIS data. (Not focused on Data Viz) +### Next + +Browser Mapping Libraries + --- ## GIS Fundamentals @@ -132,17 +136,20 @@ PCS is not so uniform, but most common is the **UTM** is the Transverse Mercator Localities will often publish in a more local projections: -SPCS - State Plane Coordinate System, actually 125 zones with their own system across US. They are fine-tuned to fit the shape of each state to maximize accuracy. (Some use transverse Mercator, some use a Lambert conformal conic projection, all with different parameters. +SPCS - State Plane Coordinate System, actually 125 zones with their own system across US. They are fine-tuned to fit the shape of each state to maximize accuracy. (Some use transverse Mercator, some use a Lambert conformal conic projection, all with different parameters.) ![bg right](a3585f84-8cf4-451c-b079-0bb2ac338c6d.jpg) (ce: conservation.ca.gov) --- -## rm *.prj +## Correct Projection is Essential In practice, it is **essential** that you know what CRS your data is in and what CRS you are displaying it in. -Failure to do so leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted maps, and real-world trouble. + +Failure leads to incorrect results, heavily distorted visualizations, and real-world trouble. + +![bg left fit](bad-proj.jpg) ---