2024-09-27 22:28:23 +00:00
<!DOCTYPE html> < html lang = "en-US" > < head > < meta charset = "UTF-8" > < meta name = "viewport" content = "width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0" > < meta name = "apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content = "yes" > < meta http-equiv = "X-UA-Compatible" content = "ie=edge" > < meta property = "og:type" content = "website" > < meta name = "twitter:card" content = "summary" > < style > @ m e d i a s c r e e n { b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = " " ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = n e x t ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - n o t e - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n { - w e b k i t - t a p - h i g h l i g h t - c o l o r : t r a n s p a r e n t ; - w e b k i t - a p p e a r a n c e : n o n e ; a p p e a r a n c e : n o n e ; b a c k g r o u n d - c o l o r : t r a n s p a r e n t ; b o r d e r : 0 ; c o l o r : i n h e r i t ; c u r s o r : p o i n t e r ; f o n t - s i z e : i n h e r i t ; o p a c i t y : . 8 ; o u t l i n e : n o n e ; p a d d i n g : 0 ; t r a n s i t i o n : o p a c i t y . 2 s l i n e a r } b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = " " ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : d i s a b l e d , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = n e x t ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : d i s a b l e d , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : d i s a b l e d , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - n o t e - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : d i s a b l e d { c u r s o r : n o t - a l l o w e d ; o p a c i t y : . 1 5 ! i m p o r t a n t } b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = " " ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : h o v e r , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = n e x t ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : h o v e r , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : h o v e r , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - n o t e - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : h o v e r { o p a c i t y : 1 } b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = " " ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : h o v e r : a c t i v e , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = n e x t ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : h o v e r : a c t i v e , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : h o v e r : a c t i v e , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - n o t e - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : h o v e r : a c t i v e { o p a c i t y : . 6 } b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = " " ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : h o v e r : n o t ( : d i s a b l e d ) , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = n e x t ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n : h o v e r : n o t ( : d i s a b l e d ) , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : h o v e r : n o t ( : d i s a b l e d ) , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - n o t e - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n : h o v e r : n o t ( : d i s a b l e d ) { t r a n s i t i o n : n o n e } b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = " " ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c = p r e v ] , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = n e x t ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c = p r e v ] , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - p a g e - p r e v { b a c k g r o u n d : t r a n s p a r e n t u r l ( " d a t a : i m a g e / s v g + x m l ; b a s e 6 4 , P H N 2 Z y B 4 b W x u c z 0 i a H R 0 c D o v L 3 d 3 d y 5 3 M y 5 v c m c v M j A w M C 9 z d m c i I H Z p Z X d C b 3 g 9 I j A g M C A x M D A g M T A w I j 4 8 c G F 0 a C B m a W x s P S J u b 2 5 l I i B z d H J v a 2 U 9 I i N m Z m Y i I H N 0 c m 9 r Z S 1 s a W 5 l Y 2 F w P S J y b 3 V u Z C I g c 3 R y b 2 t l L W x p b m V q b 2 l u P S J y b 3 V u Z C I g c 3 R y b 2 t l L X d p Z H R o P S I 1 I i B k P S J N N j g g O T A g M j g g N T B s N D A t N D A i L z 4 8 L 3 N 2 Z z 4 = " ) n o - r e p e a t 5 0 % ; b a c k g r o u n d - s i z e : c o n t a i n ; o v e r f l o w : h i d d e n ; t e x t - i n d e n t : 1 0 0 % ; w h i t e - s p a c e : n o w r a p } b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = " " ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c = n e x t ] , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = n e x t ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p a r e n t > . b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c > b u t t o n [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - m a r p - o s c = n e x t ] , b o d y [ d a t a - b e s p o k e - v i e w = p r e s e n t e r ] . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - c o n t a i n e r . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - c o n t a i n e r b u t t o n . b e s p o k e - m a r p - p r e s e n t e r - i n f o - p a g e - n e x t { b a c k g r o u n d : t r a n s p a r e n t u r l ( " d a t a : i m a g e / s v g + x m l ; b a s e 6 4 , P H N 2 Z y B 4 b W x u c z 0 i a H R 0 c D o v L 3 d 3 d y 5 3 M y 5 v c m c v M j A w M C 9 z d m c i I H Z p Z X d C b 3 g 9 I j A g M C A x M D A g M T A w I j 4 8 c G F 0 a C B m a W x s P S J u b 2 5 l I i B z d H J v a 2 U 9 I i N m Z m Y i I H N 0 c m 9 r Z S 1 s a W 5 l Y 2 F w P S J y b 3 V u Z C I g c 3 R y b 2 t l L W x p b m V q b 2 l u P S
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* Marp default theme.
*
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* @author Yuki Hattori
*
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* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
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< h1 id = "perception--color" > Perception & Color< / h1 >
< h2 id = "capp-30239" > CAPP 30239< / h2 >
< / section >
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< h2 id = "today" > Today< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > What matters most when creating a visualization?< / li >
< li > How does human < strong > perception< / strong > factor into visualization design?< / li >
< li > Understanding < strong > color< / strong > , and computational representations of it.< / li >
< / ul >
< / section >
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< h2 id = "what-is-the-most-important-question-when-creating-a-visualization" > What is the most important question when creating a visualization?< / h2 >
< / section >
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< h2 id = "what-is-the-most-important-question-when-creating-a-visualization-1" > What is the most important question when creating a visualization?< / h2 >
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< ul >
< li > < s > Where will the data come from?< / s >
< li > < s > What type of chart do I use?< / s > < / li >
< li > Who is the audience?< / li >
< / ul >
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< / section >
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< h2 id = "audience-first" > Audience First< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Who are you presenting to?< / li >
< li > How familiar are they with the data?< / li >
< li > What is their numerical & visualization literacy?< / li >
< li > Via what medium will they receive the information?< / li >
< li > What are you trying to do? (Persuade, Inform, Inspire?)< / li >
< / ul >
< p > < em > Only now can we start thinking about data and presentation.< / em > < / p >
< / section >
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< h2 id = "perception" > Perception< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < strong > Selective< / strong > - We can only pay attention to so much.< / li >
< li > < strong > Patterns< / strong > - Our brains are pattern-matching machines, audience will benefit from intentional patterns & be distracted by unintentional ones.< / li >
< li > < strong > Limited working memory< / strong > - We hold a very limited set of information in our minds at once.< / li >
< / ul >
< / section >
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< h2 id = "what-do-you-see" > What do you see?< / h2 >
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< div class = "container" >
< div class = "col" >
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< p > < img src = "viz-1.png" alt = "" / > < / p >
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< / div > < div class = "col" >
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< pre is = "marp-pre" data-auto-scaling = "downscale-only" > < code class = "language-python" > alt.Chart(random_df).mark_point().encode(
alt.X(< span class = "hljs-string" > " a" < / span > ),
alt.Y(< span class = "hljs-string" > " c" < / span > ),
alt.Color(< span class = "hljs-string" > " b" < / span > ),
alt.Size(< span class = "hljs-string" > " c" < / span > ),
alt.Shape(< span class = "hljs-string" > " a:N" < / span > ),
alt.Fill(< span class = "hljs-string" > " b" < / span > ),
alt.Opacity(< span class = "hljs-string" > " b" < / span > ),
)
< / code > < / pre >
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< / div >
< / div >
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< / section >
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< h2 id = "what-do-you-see-1" > What do you see?< / h2 >
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< div class = "container" >
< div class = "col" >
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< p > < img src = "viz-2.png" alt = "" / > < / p >
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< pre is = "marp-pre" data-auto-scaling = "downscale-only" > < code > alt.Chart(random_df).mark_line().encode(
x=" a" ,
y=" c" ,
)`
< / code > < / pre >
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< / div >
< / div >
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< / section >
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< h2 id = "effectiveness-revisited" > Effectiveness Revisited< / h2 >
< p > < img src = "effectiveness.png" alt = "" style = "width:800px;" / > < / p >
< / section >
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< div class = "container" >
< div class = "col" >
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< p > < strong > Altair Channels< / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > Position (< code > X, Y< / code > )< / li >
< li > Angle (< code > Angle< / code > )< / li >
< li > Area (< code > Radius< / code > , < code > Size< / code > )< / li >
< li > Hue, Saturation (< code > Color< / code > )< / li >
< li > Texture (< code > Opacity< / code > , < code > Fill< / code > )< / li >
< li > Shape (mark type, < code > Shape< / code > )< / li >
< / ul >
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< / div >
< div class = "col" >
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< p > < strong > What about?< / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > Length< / li >
< li > Slope< / li >
< li > Volume< / li >
< li > Density< / li >
< li > Connection< / li >
< li > Containment< / li >
< / ul >
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< / div >
< / div >
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< / section >
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< p > < strong > Derived Properties< / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > Length/Area - size of bars (< code > X< / code > , < code > Y< / code > )< / li >
< li > Slope & Density - affected by scale< / li >
< li > Connection - ex. layering of lines w/ points< / li >
< li > Containment - achieved with layering< / li >
< / ul >
< p > What about < em > volume< / em > ?< / p >
< / section >
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< h2 id = "stevens-power-law" > Stevens' Power Law< / h2 >
< p > Stevens (1975): Human response to sensory stimulus is characterized by a power law with different exponents with different stimuli.< / p >
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< p > perception = (magnitude of sensation)< sup > a< / sup > < / p >
< p > Smaller < sup > a< / sup > exponent: harder to perceive changes.< / p >
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< p > Stevens measured values of a by exposing people to varied stimulus and asking them to compare magnitudes.< / p >
< / section >
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< div class = "container" > < div class = "col" >
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< p > < img src = "stevens.png" alt = "" / > < / p >
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< / div > < div class = "col" >
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< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Continuum< / th >
< th > Exponent< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
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< td > Color < strong > Brightness< / strong > < / td >
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< td > 0.33-0.5< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Smell< / td >
< td > 0.6< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Loudness< / td >
< td > 0.67< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < strong > Depth Perception< / strong > < / td >
< td > 0.67< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Area< / td >
< td > 0.7< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 2D Planar Position< / td >
< td > 1.0< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Warmth< / td >
< td > 1.3-1.6< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
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< td > Color < strong > Saturation< / strong > < / td >
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< td > 1.7< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Electric Shock< / td >
< td > 3.5< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
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< / div > < / div >
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< / section >
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< h2 id = "3d-graphs" > 3D Graphs< / h2 >
< p > < img src = "stunning-3d-chart.jpg" alt = "" / > < / p >
< / section >
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< p > < img src = "datavizproject.png" alt = "" / > < / p >
< / section >
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< p > < img src = "3d-scatter.png" alt = "" / > < / p >
< / section >
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< h2 id = "instead-of-3d-graphs" > Instead of 3D Graphs< / h2 >
< ul >
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< li > Find other channels: hue & size are good candidates. (bubble chart)< / li >
< li > Or make multiple 2D graphs with XY/YZ/XZ pairs.< / li >
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< / ul >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "18" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "what-is-color" > What is Color?< / h2 >
< p > Wavelengths of light are perceived as particular colors:< br / >
< img src = "linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png" alt = "" / > < / p >
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< p > What's missing?< / p >
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< / section >
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< h2 id = "color--the-eye" > Color & the Eye< / h2 >
< h3 id = "rods" > Rods< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > spread throughout retina< / li >
< li > more sensitive in low light conditions< / li >
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< li > brightness (" lightness" )< / li >
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< / ul >
< h3 id = "cones" > Cones< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > 3 types with peak sensitivity at different frequencies< / li >
< li > concentrated in center of eye< / li >
< li > less sensitive in low light conditions< / li >
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< li > hue & saturation< / li >
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< / ul >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "20" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "spectrum-vs-what-we-see" > Spectrum vs. What We See< / h2 >
< p > What we actually see is always a blend of multiple peaks.< / p >
< p > This is impacted by ambient light conditions, as well as quirks of our visual processing.< / p >
< p > < img src = "the-dress.jpg" alt = "" style = "height:400px;" / > < / p >
< p > In actuality, multiple combinations of light can give same color (< strong > metamers< / strong > ).< / p >
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< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "21" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "chromatic-adaptation" > Chromatic Adaptation< / h2 >
< p > < img src = "demo-bw-illusion-andrew-steele.gif" alt = "" / > < / p >
< p > Source: Andrew Steele < a href = "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-XYsDNh4-886rMNLnnwR_w" > https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-XYsDNh4-886rMNLnnwR_w< / a > < / p >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("xkcd-color-map.png");" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "22" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
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< h2 id = "color-naming" > Color Naming< / h2 >
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< p > Color naming is highly subjective, and research has shown that the ability to name a color correlates highly with the ability to distinguish it.< / p >
< p > Be particularly careful with blue/green boundaries, as there are significant cultural differences.< / p >
< p > Source: < a href = "https://blog.xkcd.com/2010/05/03/color-survey-results/" > https://blog.xkcd.com/2010/05/03/color-survey-results/< / a > < / p >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("hok-uk.svg");background-size:600px auto;" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "23" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
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< h2 id = "cultural-considerations" > Cultural Considerations< / h2 >
< ul >
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< li > American audiences associated < span color = "red" > red< / span > & < span color = "blue" > blue< / span > with political parties on any map in a political context.< / li >
< li > Also international meaning of < span color = "red" > red< / span > & < span color = "blue" > blue< / span > is flipped: red is left, blue is right.< / li >
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< li > Most other colors have contradictory meanings depending on culture. For example, yellow might be chosen to denote success (parts of Africa) or be associated with death (Middle East).< / li >
< / ul >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("colorblind.jpg");background-size:600px auto;" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "24" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
< h2 id = "color-vision-deficiency" > Color Vision Deficiency< / h2 >
< p > More accurate name for what is commonly known as colorblindness.< / p >
< ul >
< li > Red-Green CVD - most common
< ul >
< li > four types: Dueteranomaly and Protanomaly (mild) to Protanopia and Dueteranopia (complete)< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > Tritanomaly/Tritanopia: blue/green and yellow/red confusion.< / li >
< li > rarest, complete lack of color vision, usually corresponds to other vision issues as well< / li >
< / ul >
< / section >
< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("cmyk.svg");" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "25" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
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< h2 id = "color-on-a-page" > Color on a Page< / h2 >
< p > Ink absorbs light, so we work with subtractive blending. Our base colors are cyan, magenta, and yellow. To save on ink costs, we throw in black/contrast as well.< / p >
< p > We call this CMYK color.< / p >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("additive.png");" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "26" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
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< h2 id = "color-on-a-screen" > Color on a Screen< / h2 >
< p > Screens emit light, which means we use < strong > additive blending< / strong > of red, green, and blue light. Every pixel of a screen can emit these three colors in different intensities.< / p >
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< / section >
< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("rgb-khan.jpg");background-size:700px auto;" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "27" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
< h2 id = "color-spaces" > Color Spaces< / h2 >
< p > Ways of describing a color mathematically, usually have 3 components to match our perception of color:< / p >
< ul >
< li > RGB (early photography)< / li >
< li > CIE XYZ (1931)< / li >
< li > HSB/HSV/HSL (1970s)< / li >
< / ul >
< / section >
< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("rgb-pixels.jpg");" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "28" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
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< p > A common way to refer to colors is by their intensity in each of these three channels.< / p >
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< p > < span style = "color: rgb(0% 100% 0%)" > this is 0% red, 100% green, 0% blue intensity (#00ff00)< / span > < br / >
< span style = "color: rgb(20% 60% 20%)" > this is 20% red, 60% green, 20% blue intensity: (#143c14)< / span > < br / >
< span style = "color: #ff00ff" > this is 100% red, 0% green, 100% blue intensity: #ff00ff< / span > < / p >
< p > This is sometimes expressed in hexadecimal:< / p >
< p > < img src = "hexrgb.png" alt = "" style = "height:120px;" / > < / p >
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< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "29" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h3 id = "rgb-space-as-a-cube" > RGB space as a cube< / h3 >
< p > < img src = "LinearRGBCube.png" alt = "cube" / > < / p >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "30" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h3 id = "rgb-as-pair-plots" > RGB as pair plots< / h3 >
< p > < img src = "RGBPairPlots.png" alt = "pair plots" / > < / p >
< p > Remember this trick for your own 3-dimensional data!< / p >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "31" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< p > < img src = "TriangleSliceRGB.png" alt = "" style = "height:500px;" / > < / p >
< p > A slice through the middle of the cube gives colors of comparable brightness. (You may have seen such a triangle in color pickers.)< / p >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "32" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "hsl" > HSL< / h2 >
< p > < img src = "HSL.png" alt = "" style = "height:500px;" / > < / p >
< p > An alternative color space that's very useful for visualization is HSL color space.< / p >
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< p > Hue, Saturation, Lightness | < a href = "https://hslpicker.com/" > https://hslpicker.com/< / a > < / p >
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< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "33" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "aside-what-about-alpha" > Aside: What about " alpha" ?< / h2 >
< p > You will often see a fourth channel: RGB< strong > A< / strong > , HSL< strong > A< / strong > .< / p >
< p > This is known as alpha transparency (translucency).< / p >
< p > This has to do with how the program in question < em > blends< / em > the colors. The final pixel values on the screen will still be converted to RGB components.< / p >
< ul >
< li > Use sparingly.< / li >
< li > Variations are very subtle, and background dependent.< / li >
< / ul >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("cie-xyz.png");" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "34" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
< h2 id = "cie-rgb--xyz--cielab" > CIE (RGB / XYZ / CIELAB)< / h2 >
< p > Based on human perception experiments where people would adjust dials to recreate colors out of red, green, and blue light.< / p >
< p > First from 1920s, revised in 1970s.< / p >
< p > < em > Commission internationale de l'éclairage< / em > (Illumination)< / p >
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< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("gamut2.png");" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" > < section id = "35" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" >
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< h2 id = "screen-gamut" > Screen Gamut< / h2 >
< p > Screens can't show the entire range of visible colors accurately, they define a " gamut" . Since ~1996 most devices aim at a standard gamut to ensure similar representations of color, but even high end devices are not perfectly aligned.< / p >
< p > Projectors (like the one you're likely viewing this on) usually have skewed gamut.< / p >
< p > Moral of the story: < strong > Consider your medium!< / strong > < / p >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "right" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "36" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "what-does-all-this-mean-for-visualization" > What does all this mean for visualization?< / h2 >
< p > Color choices should be made with respect to:< / p >
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< ul >
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< li > medium (screen vs. print, type of screen)< / li >
< li > audience (culture, vision differences, expectations)< / li >
< li > differentiability< / li >
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< / ul >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "37" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "role-of-color" > Role of Color< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < strong > Identify< / strong > - Different color per category/actor.
< ul >
< li > opt for distinct hues< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < strong > Group< / strong > - Group like entities using same/like colors.
< ul >
< li > often with similar hues< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < strong > Layer< / strong > - Overlay different information while keeping contrast.
< ul >
< li > saturation differences very important to not overwhelm eye< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < strong > Highlight< / strong > - Call out important/relevant information.
< ul >
< li > brightness and hue differences important< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "38" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "color-channels--data-types" > Color Channels & Data Types< / h2 >
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< h3 id = "lightness-is-perceived-as-ordered" > Lightness is perceived as ordered< / h3 >
< p > Good for < strong > Ordinal< / strong > variables< / p >
< p > < img src = "ordinal.png" alt = "" style = "height:50px;" / > < / p >
< p > < strong > Quantitative< / strong > (Continuous) variables harder to discern< / p >
< p > < img src = "qual.png" alt = "" style = "height:50px;" / > < / p >
< h3 id = "hue-typically-unordered" > Hue typically unordered< / h3 >
< p > < strong > Nominal< / strong > variables.< / p >
< p > < img src = "nominal.png" alt = "" style = "height:50px;" / > < / p >
< / section >
< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "39" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h3 id = "types-of-palettes" > Types of Palettes< / h3 >
< ul >
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< li > Qualitative - Nominal data< / li >
< li > Sequential - Quantitative data< / li >
< li > Diverging - Data with a meaningful zero-point (increase/decrease, more/less)< / li >
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< / ul >
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< p > < img src = "palette-types.jpg" alt = "" / > < / p >
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< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("vega-schemes.png");background-size:600px auto;" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" x = "50%" > < section id = "40" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" >
< h3 id = "hue-separation" > Hue Separation< / h3 >
< p > Pick distinct hues for unrelated variables.< / p >
< p > Grouped schemes can be used where there are relationships among the categories.< / p >
< p > < a href = "https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/schemes/" > https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/schemes/< / a > < / p >
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< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("vega-schemes-bw.jpg");background-size:600px auto;" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" x = "50%" > < section id = "41" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" >
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< h2 id = "get-it-right-in-black--white" > " Get it right in black & white" < / h2 >
< p > A common mantra among visual designers.< / p >
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< p > Ensure that your hues have different brightness levels.< / p >
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< p > Ensure that you aren't using hue alone for your image.< / p >
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< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" > < div data-marpit-advanced-background-container = "true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction = "horizontal" > < figure style = "background-image:url("contrast.png");background-size:600px auto;" > < / figure > < / div > < / section > < / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "50%" height = "720" x = "50%" > < section id = "42" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background = "content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" >
< h2 id = "text-legibility" > Text Legibility< / h2 >
< p > An important issue when using colored text and/or backgrounds is < strong > legibility< / strong > .< / p >
< p > Web Content Accessibility Guidelines require a 4.5 color contrast (3:1 for large text).< / p >
< p > Minimize < em > saturation< / em > in backgrounds, pick a font color with opposing < em > lightness< / em > .< / p >
< p > < a href = "https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/" > https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/< / a > < / p >
< / section >
< / foreignObject > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" > < section data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "" data-marpit-advanced-background = "pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split = "left" > < / section > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "43" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "tools" > Tools< / h2 >
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< ul >
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< li > Vega Schemes: < a href = "https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/schemes/" > https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/schemes/< / a > < / li >
< li > Contrast/theme exploration: < a href = "https://schubert-da.github.io/dataviz-palette-tool/" > https://schubert-da.github.io/dataviz-palette-tool/< / a > < / li >
< li > Theme exploration for cartography: < a href = "https://colorbrewer2.org/" > https://colorbrewer2.org/< / a > < / li >
< li > Color-theory based theme creator: < a href = "https://meodai.github.io/poline/" > https://meodai.github.io/poline/< / a > < / li >
< li > Theme creator w/ theme sharing: < a href = "https://coolors.co" > https://coolors.co< / a > < / li >
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< li > HSL/RGB picker: < a href = "https://hslpicker.com/" > https://hslpicker.com/< / a > < / li >
< li > Contast checker: < a href = "https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/" > https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/< / a > < / li >
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< / ul >
< h3 id = "color-blindness" > Color-Blindness< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > MacOS/iOS app: < a href = "https://michelf.ca/projects/sim-daltonism/" > https://michelf.ca/projects/sim-daltonism/< / a > < / li >
< li > Browser extensions (search " colorblindness" in your browser of choice)< / li >
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< / ul >
< / section >
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< / foreignObject > < / svg > < svg data-marpit-svg = "" viewBox = "0 0 1280 720" > < foreignObject width = "1280" height = "720" > < section id = "44" data-theme = "yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat" lang = "en-US" style = "--theme:yfx7y6e7t8lvd0h7gw3kb73d4n3rf71zt98r1hyu3pat;" >
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< h2 id = "acknowledgements--references" > Acknowledgements & References< / h2 >
< p > Thanks to Alex Hale, Andrew McNutt, and Jessica Hullman for sharing their materials.< / p >
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< p > Color space images are from < a href = "https://jamie-wong.com/post/color/" > https://jamie-wong.com/post/color/< / a > , which is an incredible resource if you'd like to go deeper into both the biology and math of color.< / p >
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< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://www.math.csi.cuny.edu/~mvj/GC-DataViz-S23/lectures/L6.html" > https://www.math.csi.cuny.edu/~mvj/GC-DataViz-S23/lectures/L6.html< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%27s_power_law" > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens's_power_law< / a > < / li >
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< li > < a href = "https://colorusage.arc.nasa.gov" > https://colorusage.arc.nasa.gov< / a > < / li >
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< li > < a href = "https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/schemes/" > https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/schemes/< / a > < / li >
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< / ul >
< / section >
< script > ! f u n c t i o n ( ) { " u s e s t r i c t " ; c o n s t t = { h 1 : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L H e a d i n g E l e m e n t , a t t r s : { r o l e : " h e a d i n g " , " a r i a - l e v e l " : " 1 " } , s t y l e : " d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; f o n t - s i z e : 2 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - s t a r t : 0 . 6 7 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - e n d : 0 . 6 7 e m ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - s t a r t : 0 p x ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - e n d : 0 p x ; f o n t - w e i g h t : b o l d ; " } , h 2 : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L H e a d i n g E l e m e n t , a t t r s : { r o l e : " h e a d i n g " , " a r i a - l e v e l " : " 2 " } , s t y l e : " d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; f o n t - s i z e : 1 . 5 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - s t a r t : 0 . 8 3 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - e n d : 0 . 8 3 e m ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - s t a r t : 0 p x ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - e n d : 0 p x ; f o n t - w e i g h t : b o l d ; " } , h 3 : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L H e a d i n g E l e m e n t , a t t r s : { r o l e : " h e a d i n g " , " a r i a - l e v e l " : " 3 " } , s t y l e : " d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; f o n t - s i z e : 1 . 1 7 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - s t a r t : 1 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - e n d : 1 e m ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - s t a r t : 0 p x ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - e n d : 0 p x ; f o n t - w e i g h t : b o l d ; " } , h 4 : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L H e a d i n g E l e m e n t , a t t r s : { r o l e : " h e a d i n g " , " a r i a - l e v e l " : " 4 " } , s t y l e : " d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - s t a r t : 1 . 3 3 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - e n d : 1 . 3 3 e m ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - s t a r t : 0 p x ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - e n d : 0 p x ; f o n t - w e i g h t : b o l d ; " } , h 5 : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L H e a d i n g E l e m e n t , a t t r s : { r o l e : " h e a d i n g " , " a r i a - l e v e l " : " 5 " } , s t y l e : " d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; f o n t - s i z e : 0 . 8 3 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - s t a r t : 1 . 6 7 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - e n d : 1 . 6 7 e m ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - s t a r t : 0 p x ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - e n d : 0 p x ; f o n t - w e i g h t : b o l d ; " } , h 6 : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L H e a d i n g E l e m e n t , a t t r s : { r o l e : " h e a d i n g " , " a r i a - l e v e l " : " 6 " } , s t y l e : " d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; f o n t - s i z e : 0 . 6 7 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - s t a r t : 2 . 3 3 e m ; m a r g i n - b l o c k - e n d : 2 . 3 3 e m ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - s t a r t : 0 p x ; m a r g i n - i n l i n e - e n d : 0 p x ; f o n t - w e i g h t : b o l d ; " } , s p a n : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L S p a n E l e m e n t } , p r e : { p r o t o : ( ) = > H T M L E l e m e n t , s t y l e : " d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; f o n t - f a m i l y : m o n o s p a c e ; w h i t e - s p a c e : p r e ; m a r g i n : 1 e m 0 ; - - m a r p - a u t o - s c a l i n g - w h i t e - s p a c e : p r e ; " } } , e = " d a t a - m a r p - a u t o - s c a l i n g - w r a p p e r " , i = " d a t a - m a r p - a u t o - s c a l i n g - s v g " , n = " d a t a - m a r p - a u t o - s c a l i n g - c o n t a i n e r " ; c l a s s s e x t e n d s H T M L E l e m e n t { c o n s t r u c t o r ( ) { s u p e r ( ) , t h i s . s v g P r e s e r v e A s p e c t R a t i o = " x M i n Y M i d m e e t " ; c o n s t t = t = > ( [ e ] ) = > { c o n s t { w i d t h : i , h e i g h t : n } = e . c o n t e n t R e c t ; t h i s [ t ] = { w i d t h : i , h e i g h t : n } , t h i s . u p d a t e S V G R e c t ( ) } ; t h i s . a t t a c h S h a d o w ( { m o d e : " o p e n " } ) , t h i s . c o n t a i n e r O b s e r v e r = n e w R e s i z e O b s e r v e r ( t ( " c o n t a i n e r S i z e " ) ) , t h i s . w r a p p e r O b s e r v e r = n e w R e s i z e O b s e r v e r ( ( ( . . . e ) = > { t ( " w r a p p e r S i z e " ) ( . . . e ) , t h i s . f l u s h S v g D i s p l a y ( ) } ) ) } s t a t i c g e t o b s e r v e d A t t r i b u t e s ( ) { r e t u r n [ " d a t a - d o w n s c a l e - o n l y " ] } c o n n e c t e d C a l l b a c k ( ) { v a r t , s , o , r , a ; t h i s . s h a d o w R o o t . i n n e r H T M L = ` \ n < s t y l e > \ n s v g [ $ { i } ] { d i s p l a y : b l o c k ; w i d t h : 1 0 0 % ; h e i g h t : a u t o ; v e r t i c a l - a l i g n : t o p ; } \ n s p a n [ $ { n } ] { d i s p l a y : t a b l e ; w h i t e - s p a c e : v a r ( - - m a r p - a u t o - s c a l i n g - w h i t e - s p a c e , n o w r a p ) ; w i d t h : m a x - c o n t e n t ; } \ n < / s t y l e > \ n < d i v $ { e } > \ n < s v g p a r t = " s v g " $ { i } > \ n < f o r e i g n O b j e c t > < s p a n $ { n } > < s l o t > < / s l o t > < / s p a n > < / f o r e i g n O b j e c t > \ n < / s v g > \ n < / d i v > \ n ` . s p l i t ( / \ n \ s * / ) . j o i n ( " " ) , t h i s . w r a p p e r = n u l l ! = = ( t = t h i s . s h a d o w R o o t . q u e r y S e l e c t o r ( ` d i v [ $ { e } ] ` ) ) & & v o i d 0 ! = = t ? t : v o i d 0 ; c o n s t l = t h i s . s v g ; t h i s . s v g = n u l l ! = = ( o = n u l l = = = ( s = t h i s . w r a p p e r ) | | v o i d 0 = = = s ? v o i d 0 : s . q u e r y S e l e c t o r ( ` s v g [ $ { i } ] ` ) ) & & v o i d 0 ! = = o ? o : v o i d 0 , t h i s . s v g ! = = l & & ( t h i s . s v g C o m p u t e d S t y l e = t h i s . s v g ? w i n d o w . g e t C o m p u t e d S t y l e ( t h i s . s v g ) : v o i d 0 ) , t h i s . c o n t a i n e r = n u l l ! = = ( a = n u l l = = = ( r = t h i s . s v g ) | | v o i d 0 = = = r ? v o i d 0 : r . q u e r y S e l e c t o r ( ` s p a n [ $ { n } ] ` ) ) & & v o i d 0 ! = = a ? a : v o i d 0 , t h i s . o b s e r v e ( ) } d i s c o n n e c t e d C a l l b a c k ( ) { t h i s . s v g = v o i d 0 , t h i s . s v g C o m p u t e d S t y l e = v o i d 0 , t h i s . w r a p p e r = v o i d 0 , t h i s . c o n t a i n e r = v o i d 0 , t h i s . o b s e r v e ( ) } a t t r i b u t e C h a n g e d C a l l b a c k ( ) { t h i s . o b s e r v e ( ) } f l u s h S v g D i s p l a y ( ) { c o n s t { s v g : t } = t h i s ; t & & ( t . s t y l e . d i s p l a y = " i n l i n e " , r e q u e s t A n i m a t i o n F r a m e ( ( ( ) = > { t . s t y l e . d i s p l a y = " " } ) ) ) } o b s e r v e ( ) { t h i s . c o n t a i n e r O b s e r v e r . d i s c o n n e c t ( ) , t h i s . w r a p p e r O b s e r v e r . d i s c o n n e c t ( ) , t h i s . w r a p p e r & & t h i s . w r a p p e r O b s e r v e r . o b s e r v e ( t h i s . w r a p p e r ) , t h i s . c o n t a i n e r & & t h i s . c o n t a i n e r O b s e r v e r . o b s e r v e ( t h i s . c o n t a i n e r ) , t h i s . s v g C o m p u t e d S t y l e & & t h i s . o b s e r v e S V G S t y l e ( t h i s . s v g C o m p u t e d S t y l e ) } o b s e r v e S V G S t y l e ( t ) { c o n s t e = ( ) = > { c o n s t i = ( ( ) = > { c o n s t e = t . g e t P r o p e r t y V a l u e ( " - - p r e s e r v e - a s p e c t - r a t i o " ) ; i f ( e ) r e t u r n e . t r i m ( ) ; r e t u r n ` x $ { ( ( { t e x t A l i g n : t , d i r e c t i o n : e } ) = > { i f ( t . e n d s W i t h ( " l e f t " ) ) r e t u r n " M i n " ; i f ( t . e n d s W i t h ( " r i g h t " ) ) r e t u r n " M a x " ; i f ( " s t a r t " = = = t | | " e n d " = = = t ) { l e t i = " r t l " = = = e ; r e t u r n " e n d " = = = t & & ( i = ! i ) , i ? " M a x " : " M i n " } r e t u r n " M i d " } ) ( t ) } Y M i d m e e t ` } ) ( ) ; i ! = = t h i s . s v g P r e s e r v e A s p e c t R a t i o & & ( t h i s . s v g P r e s e r v e A s p e c t R a t i o = i , t h i s . u p d a t e S V G R e c t ( ) ) , t = = = t h i s . s v g C o m p u t e d S t y l e & & r e q u e s t A n i m a t i o n F r a m e ( e ) } ; e ( )
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< / script > < / foreignObject > < / svg > < / div > < div class = "bespoke-marp-note" data-index = "17" tabindex = "0" > < p > credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_visible_spectrum.svg< / p > < / div > < div class = "bespoke-marp-note" data-index = "18" tabindex = "0" > < p > source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg< / p > < / div > < div class = "bespoke-marp-note" data-index = "22" tabindex = "0" > < p > Source: https://www.color-meanings.com/color-symbolism-different-cultures/< / p > < p > image from wikipedia: UK House of Commons< / p > < / div > < div class = "bespoke-marp-note" data-index = "26" tabindex = "0" > < p > https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg< / p > < / div > < div class = "bespoke-marp-note" data-index = "32" tabindex = "0" > < p > image source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/RGB_pixels.jpg< / p > < / div > < div class = "bespoke-marp-note" data-index = "38" tabindex = "0" > < p > source: Peter Aldhous, NICAR 2016< / p > < / div > < script > / * ! ! L i c e n s e : h t t p s : / / u n p k g . c o m / @ m a r p - t e a m / m a r p - c l i @ 3 . 4 . 0 / l i b / b e s p o k e . j s . L I C E N S E . t x t * /
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