30239-notes/03.charts/slides.html

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<h1 id="chart-design">Chart Design</h1>
<h2 id="capp-30239">CAPP 30239</h2>
</section>
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<h2 id="today">Today</h2>
<ul>
<li>What general <strong>principles of visual design</strong> are relevant to our work?</li>
<li>What are the <strong>common types of charts</strong> and how do we use them?</li>
<li>When and how do we break the rules?</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="edward-tufte">Edward Tufte</h2>
<h3 id="the-visual-display-of-quantitative-information">The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</h3>
<p><img src="tufte.png" alt="" /></p>
</section>
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<h2 id="key-ideas">Key Ideas</h2>
<ul>
<li>Graphical Integrity: Above all else, show the data.</li>
<li>Maximize the data-ink ratio.</li>
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<li>Minimize chart junk.</li>
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<li>Aim for high chart density, consider <em>small multiples</em>.</li>
<li>Revision &amp; Editing are essential.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="tuftes-principles-for-graphical-integrity">Tufte's Principles for <strong>Graphical Integrity</strong></h2>
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<ol>
<li>The representation of numbers, as physically measured on the surface of the graphic itself, should be directly <strong>proportional</strong> to the numerical quantities represented.</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="liefactor.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Mileage increase: 53%<br />
Graph length increase: 783%<br />
&quot;Lie Factor&quot;: 14.8x</p>
</section>
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<ol start="2">
<li>Clear, detailed and thorough <strong>labeling</strong> should be used to defeat graphical distortion and ambiguity.</li>
</ol>
<p>How many children get a spinal injury every year? (out of 74,000,000 children in US)</p>
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<ol start="3">
<li>Write out explanation of the data on the graphic itself. <strong>Label important events</strong> in the data.</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="labeled.png" alt="" /></p>
</section>
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</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9" data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;">
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<ol start="4">
<li>Show <strong>data variation, not design variation</strong>.</li>
</ol>
<p>Deflated &amp; standardized units of money are almost almost superior to nominal units.</p>
<p>The number of information-carrying (variable) dimensions depicted should not exceed the number of dimensions in the data. (roughly 1:1 channel mapping)</p>
<p>Exception: It is OK/common to pair color &amp; shape, or for print color &amp; texture to address issues that color presents.</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="data-ink-ratio">Data-Ink Ratio</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Data-ink</strong>: Ink (pixels) used to show data.</li>
<li>Data-ink ratio: data-ink / total-ink</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="francetrains.jpg" alt="" /></p>
</section>
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</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;sizecycle.gif&quot;);background-size:600px auto;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="11" data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
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<p><img src="eec.gif" alt="" /></p>
</section>
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<h2 id="optimizing-data-density">Optimizing Data Density</h2>
<p>Number of entries in DataFrame / Area of Graphic.</p>
<p>Classic example of high data density is the sparkline, which can fit on a line of text.</p>
<p><img src="sparkline.png" alt="" /></p>
</section>
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<h2 id="chart-junk">Chart Junk</h2>
<p>Anything that isn't relevant to understanding the data.</p>
</section>
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<p><img src="chartjunk-bullet.webp" alt="" /><br />
via junkcharts.typepad.com</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="common-chart-types">Common Chart Types</h2>
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</section>
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<h2 id="how-to-pick">How to Pick?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Quantitative / Quantitative:</li>
<li>Quantitative / Temporal:</li>
<li>Quantitative / Nominal:</li>
<li>Nominal / Nominal:</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h3 id="bar-charts--histograms">Bar Charts &amp; Histograms</h3>
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<ul>
<li>X/Y: Nominal (Binned Numerical - Histogram)</li>
<li>Y/X: Quantitative</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="bars.png" alt="" /></p>
</section>
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</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;lines.png&quot;);background-size:600px auto;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="18" data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
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<h3 id="line--area-charts">Line &amp; Area Charts</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>X: Temporal / Quantitative</li>
<li>Y: Quantitative (means / sums)</li>
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</ul>
</section>
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<h3 id="when-to-use-stacked-area-charts">When to use stacked area charts?</h3>
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<p>Sum of stacked axis variable <strong>must have meaning</strong>.</p>
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</section>
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<h3 id="heatmap">Heatmap</h3>
<ul>
<li>X &amp; Y: Quantitative or Nominal</li>
<li>Color: Quantitative</li>
<li><code>mark_rect</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h3 id="strip-plot">Strip Plot</h3>
<ul>
<li>Y: Nominal</li>
<li>X: Temporal or Quantitative</li>
<li>Color: Optional (any type)</li>
<li><code>mark_tick</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h3 id="pie--donut--radial-charts">Pie / Donut / Radial Charts</h3>
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<p><img src="pyramid.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>Theta: Quantitative (ratio)<br />
Color: Nominal</p>
<p>Direct comparison of segments is very difficult at n &gt; 2.</p>
<p>Only use when most important information is ratio between sizes, and relatively few categories.</p>
</section>
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<p><img src="pie-comparison.png" alt="" /><br />
<a href="https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/2020/5/14/what-is-a-pie-chart">https://www.storytellingwithdata.com/blog/2020/5/14/what-is-a-pie-chart</a></p>
</section>
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<h3 id="bump--rank-line-chart">Bump / Rank Line Chart</h3>
<p><img src="rankline.png" alt="left" style="width:200px;" /></p>
<p><img src="bump.png" alt="left" style="width:500px;" /></p>
<p>Useful for showing changes in relative positioning.</p>
<p>Require some data manipulation using <code>transform_window</code> or pre-computing ranks. (see Altair gallery examples.)</p>
</section>
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<h3 id="scatter--bubble-plots">Scatter &amp; Bubble Plots</h3>
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<ul>
<li>X / Y: Quantitative</li>
</ul>
<p>Bubble charts use size as a 3rd dimension.</p>
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<p>(Note subtle but useful transparency usage as well.)</p>
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</section>
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<h3 id="small-multiples--faceting">Small Multiples / Faceting</h3>
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<p><img src="facet.png" alt="facet" /></p>
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<p>Useful when there is a nominal variable being compared across two other dimensions.</p>
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</section>
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<h3 id="map-basics">Map Basics</h3>
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<p>Two most common:</p>
<ul>
<li>point maps</li>
<li>choropleths</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Image: Trees in London, data.london.gov.uk</em></p>
<p><strong>We will revisit maps later in this course.</strong></p>
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</section>
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<h2 id="two-choropleths-same-data">Two choropleths, same data.</h2>
<p>Unit of measurement is incredibly important.</p>
<p>Consider alternatives if district/population sizes vary significantly.</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="when--how-to-break-the-rules">When &amp; How to Break the Rules</h2>
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<p><strong>When in doubt...</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>95% of visualizations should be some variation of the common types.</li>
<li>Focus on Tufte's rules for clarity.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h3 id="case-study-two-innovations">Case Study: Two Innovations</h3>
<p>Two visualization types that have had their moment in the past 10-15 years:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hex/Grid Maps</li>
<li>Word Clouds</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="grid-map">Grid Map</h2>
<p><img src="npr-side-by-side.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>Introduced in <a href="https://blog.apps.npr.org/2015/05/11/hex-tile-maps.html">https://blog.apps.npr.org/2015/05/11/hex-tile-maps.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h2 id="word-cloud">Word Cloud</h2>
<p><img src="word-cloud.jpg" alt="" /></p>
</section>
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</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="left"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;nyt1.png&quot;);"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720" x="50%"><section id="33" data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="left">
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<p><br />
<img src="nyt2.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>Derived from same data as word cloud.</p>
<p>source: NYTimes via <a href="https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/word-clouds-considered-harmful/">https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/word-clouds-considered-harmful/</a></p>
</section>
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</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="left"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="left"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;crochet.jpg&quot;);background-size:500px auto;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720" x="50%"><section id="34" data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="left">
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<h2 id="narrative-supporting-graphics">Narrative-supporting graphics</h2>
<p>by ulaniulani on flickr</p>
</section>
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</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="left"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;lhc.png&quot;);background-size:700px auto;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="35" data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
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<h3 id="when-its-ok-to-use-3d">When it's OK to use 3D</h3>
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<p>You have data that truly makes more sense in 3D.</p>
<p>and/or</p>
<p>You work at CERN.</p>
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<p>(Image: CERN Large Hadron Collider)</p>
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</section>
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</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="36" data-theme="5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa" lang="en-US" style="--theme:5xy4lj0j3hpjb3i78txdsw3dbxn0dh6ettheg1elaa;">
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<h2 id="acknowledgements--references">Acknowledgements &amp; References</h2>
<p>Thanks to Alex Hale, Andrew McNutt, and Jessica Hullman for sharing their materials.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www2.cs.uh.edu/~ceick/NO/COSC3337-DV2.pdf">https://www2.cs.uh.edu/~ceick/NO/COSC3337-DV2.pdf</a></li>
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<li>Images from Tufte's Visual Display of Quantitative Information</li>
<li>Images from Altair <a href="https://altair-viz.github.io/gallery/index.html">https://altair-viz.github.io/gallery/index.html</a></li>
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</ul>
</section>
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